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A Model of Clinical Skills Acquisition

1. Novice

	rigid adherence to taught rules or plans
	little situational perception
	no discretionary judgement

2. Advanced beginner

	action based on attributes or aspects which are treated as having equal importance
	limited situational perception

3. Competent

	coping with "crowdedness"
	seeing some longer term goals
	deliberate planning
	routinised procedures

4. Proficient

	sees situations holistically and what is most important, deviations
	uses maxims to guide

5. Expert

	no longer relies on rules
	intuitive grasp of most situations
	analytic approach only if problems

Source:

Mike Eraut 1994, after Dreyfus + Dreyfus

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