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Theory

This page contains links to documents on curricula.

• Curriculum • Definition • Skills Acquisition • Planning • Strategies • Anthology •

Background

The curriculum should be firmly based in established technique and should demonstrate the application of valid and reliable educational principles. In the particular setting of clinical education, with its stress on patient-centred learning, it is important that curricula are based upon sound experiential learning principles  (Kolb, 1984)

The demands of modern clinical practice make it imperative that trainees develop into "reflective practitioners" (Schon, 1983). Properly used, such a process perpetuates and encourages best practice, with participants learning and creating knowledge by critically reflecting upon their own actions and experiences (Kolb, 1984) in a constructive, improving cycle.

The following elements must be included in curriculum design:-

bulletbackground
bulletaims
bulletobjectives
bulletsubject matter (content)
bulletteaching and learning methods
bulletassessment methods
bulletevaluation

 Some of these elements, namely objectives, teaching and learning methods, subject matter and assessment methods are interdependent. For example, if the objectives change, the appropriate adjustments must be made to the assessment methods. Detailed objectives and subject matter should be drawn up by each speciality and must be specific, time-framed and assessable, with the appropriate assessment method indicated.     

The essential components of a curriculum

According to Stenhouse (1975), a curriculum is “an attempt to communicate the essential principles and features of an educational proposal in such a form that it is open to critical scrutiny and capable of effective translation into practice”. It is a system of planned activities intended to bring about specific learning outcomes. A curriculum is not just a list of topics. It must itself be an integral part of the educational system and should be the product of a deliberate process of design and development which has included:

bulletentry criteria and duration of training (could be an annex)
bulletidentification of learning needs
bulletinput from consultation and review
bulletplanning of the component parts of the training programme and the respective learning outcomes
bulletplanning for appropriate delivery, resources, assessment, and recording
bulletplanning for evaluation of the learning programme

Source: Framework Curriculum for SACs

What is the curriculum?

Some think it is just a list of things the learner is expected to learn. Many curricula are long lists of topics for individuals to know about; but the curriculum is more than this.

The word ‘curriculum’ was first used by the universities of Leiden and Glasgow to describe the whole programme of studies offered in the universities. Definitions of ‘curriculum’ include: 

·   the formal curriculum:
what the institution sets out to teach

·   the informal curriculum:
what the students learn from a variety of sources and interactions while taking part in the activities at the institution

·  the hidden curriculum:
what the students learn but the institution definitely does not intend to teach.

Source: Teaching made easy Ruth Chambers and David Wall

More on Curriculum

Web resources

bullet Developing the Attributes of Medical Professional Judgement and Competence Michael Eraut
bullet Introduction to Family Medicine - Foundations of Learning W. Wayne Weston
bullet ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: Curriculum design. David Prideaux

 

Books

bulletTeaching made easy Chambers and Wall
bulletThe Curriculum: Theory and Practice. Kelly
bulletRogers Teaching Adults OUP1986
bullet 

 

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